{"id":1152,"date":"2024-05-10T07:31:08","date_gmt":"2024-05-10T04:31:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/astrobeam.gr\/?p=1152"},"modified":"2024-05-10T19:34:01","modified_gmt":"2024-05-10T16:34:01","slug":"%cf%80%cf%89%cf%83-%ce%bc%ce%b1%cf%83-%cf%80%ce%b7%cf%81%ce%b5-%cf%80%cf%81%cf%89%cf%84%ce%b7-%cf%86%ce%bf%cf%81%ce%b1-%cf%84%ce%b7%ce%bb%ce%b5%cf%86%cf%89%ce%bd%ce%bf-%cf%84%ce%bf-%cf%83%cf%85%ce%bc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/astrobeam.gr\/en\/%cf%80%cf%89%cf%83-%ce%bc%ce%b1%cf%83-%cf%80%ce%b7%cf%81%ce%b5-%cf%80%cf%81%cf%89%cf%84%ce%b7-%cf%86%ce%bf%cf%81%ce%b1-%cf%84%ce%b7%ce%bb%ce%b5%cf%86%cf%89%ce%bd%ce%bf-%cf%84%ce%bf-%cf%83%cf%85%ce%bc\/","title":{"rendered":"How the universe called us for the first time"},"content":{"rendered":"
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HOW THE UNIVERSE CALLED US FOR THE FIRST TIME<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00a0MAY 10TH 2024 I Konstantinos-Christos Giouroukalis<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cAstronomy compels the soul to look upwards and leads us from this world to another\u201d<\/em>
-Plato<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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A breezy day is dawning in April 1933 at Holmdel, New Jersey, and the protagonist<\/span> of our story is ready to announce his discovery that will leave its mark on human history. This personality is Karl Guthe Jansky, an American physicist born in 1905, with a bachelor\u2019s degree in Physics and a master\u2019s degree from the University of Wisconsin.<\/span>
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Image 1:<\/span>\u00a0Karl Jansky in the decade 1930<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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When Jansky completed his studies, he started working at Bell Telephone Laboratories. Nearing the end of his bachelor's degree, he was diagnosed with a kidney disease, which led to him getting transferred to a healthier environment, Holmdel, where the company had detected some problems with transatlantic telecommunications. While Karl Jansky was observing the signal interference, he noticed that it peaked every 24 hours, so in the beginning, he thought that the sun was responsible for it, since a complete rotation of the Earth around the sun lasts 24 hours.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Upon continuing his observations, however, he concluded that the peak period was 23 hours and 56 minutes, which, with the help of his astrophysicist friend Albin Skellett, led him to conclude that this period corresponds to a stellar day. So, Jansky during a company meeting in April 1933, reported that after close observation, the interference was caused by a thermal disturbance from charged particles, which were originating mostly from the field of astronomy source Sagittarius A in the middle of the galaxy, thus making history.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Image 2:<\/span> Jansky's directional antenna<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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We know today that his hypothesis was partially wrong, and the indications were caused by ions that followed a circular orbit around a big, black hole known today as Sagittarius A*.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Image 3:<\/span> Sagittarius A*<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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It is remarkable that, even though Jansky was the first to observe and study radio waves in Astronomy, plenty of physicists before him were concerned with their presence theoretically. In the decade 1860, James Clerk Maxwell proved with his work in electromagnetism that electromagnetic waves could be linked with any wavelength, and laid the foundation for the understanding of the dissemination of electromagnetic waves, including radio waves. However, the detection and study of radio waves in the Radio astronomy frame started long after Maxwell\u2019s work. Johannes Wilsing and Julius Schneiner tried to detect the sun\u2019s radio waves, without success. After Jansky\u2019s discovery in 1935, a great number of discoveries were made, with him being the pathfinder until his early death in 1950, but also other physicists like Grote Reber, who repeated his observations, the British military scientist James Stanley Hey and George Clark Southworth, Jansky\u2019s colleague at Bell labs, with the last two detecting the sun\u2019s radio waves. Lastly, great work was carried out by Jocelyn Bell, who was the first one to detect radio waves coming from pulsars.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Image 4:<\/span> Reber\u2019s radio telescope<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Research continued seamlessly and in 1956 the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) and the Cambridge Observatory were founded, which were leaders in research. Today there are more than 100 radio telescopes in the world and Radio-Astronomy is an expanding and promising research field in Astrophysics that we come across in different media such as movies, books, and science fiction comics.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Image 5:<\/span> Radio telescope at the Cambridge Observatory<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Image 6:<\/span> Poster of the movie Contact, <\/span>in which Radio-Astronomy is shown<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Editorial Review: Stefanos Papanikolaou
Scientific Review: Evi Koursoumpa
Translation: Margarita Papastergiou<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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  1. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bell_System<\/a><\/li>
  2. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bell_Telephone_Company<\/a><\/li>
  3. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radio_astronomy<\/a><\/li>
  4. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sagittarius_A<\/a><\/li>
  5. https:\/\/public.nrao.edu\/radio-astronomy\/the-history-of-radio-astronomy\/<\/a><\/li>
  6. https:\/\/www.astro.phy.cam.ac.uk\/about\/history<\/a><\/li>
  7. https:\/\/library.nrao.edu\/public\/memos\/temp\/Howard_Chronological_History_0674.pdf<\/a><\/li>
  8. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karl_Guthe_Jansky<\/a><\/li>
  9. https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u03a4\u03bf\u03be\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2_A*<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u03a0\u03a9\u03a3 \u039c\u0391\u03a3 \u03a0\u0397\u03a1\u0395 \u03a0\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397 \u03a6\u039f\u03a1\u0391 \u03a4\u0397\u039b\u0395\u03a6\u03a9\u039d\u039f \u03a4\u039f \u03a3\u03a5\u039c\u03a0\u0391\u039d \u00a010 \u039c\u0391\u0399\u039f\u03a5 2024 | \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2-\u03a7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0393\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u00ab\u0397 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\u00bb-\u03a0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u039e\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bb\u03b7 1933 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Holmdel \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 New Jersey \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1. \u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Karl Guthe Jansky, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 1905, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03bf \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Wisconsin. \u0395\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 1:\u00a0\u039f Karl Jansky \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1930 \u039f Jansky \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 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\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Holmdel \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u039f Karl Jansky \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac 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O Johannes Wilsing \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Julius Scheiner \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ce\u03c2. \u0388\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Jansky, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 1935 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf 1950, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Grote Reber \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc James Stanley Hey \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd George Clark Southworth, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Jansky \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 Bell labs, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7 Jocelyn Bell \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc pulsar. \u0395\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 4: \u03a4\u03bf \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Reber \u0397 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 1956 \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03a1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03ad\u03b9\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b6 ,\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0395\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 5: \u03a1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03ad\u03b9\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b6 \u0395\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 6: \u0391\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 Contact \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1: \u03a3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03bf\u03c5\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1: \u0395\u03cd\u03b7 \u039a\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7: \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u0399\u0392\u039b\u0399\u039f\u0393\u03a1\u0391\u03a6\u0399\u0391 https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bell_System https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bell_Telephone_Company https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radio_astronomy https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sagittarius_A https:\/\/public.nrao.edu\/radio-astronomy\/the-history-of-radio-astronomy\/ https:\/\/www.astro.phy.cam.ac.uk\/about\/history https:\/\/library.nrao.edu\/public\/memos\/temp\/Howard_Chronological_History_0674.pdf https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karl_Guthe_Jansky 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